Table 1 Description of overarching themes and sub-themes, summarising the features of the group drumming practice

Features of the drumming

1.1 Nonverbal communicating

Drumming as a means for expression and communication without words

1.2 Rhythmic

Drumming as a shared rhythmic experience, which is primitive and grounding

1.3 Physical

Drumming as implying bodily effort, energy and release of accumulated tension

Features of the group

2.1 Connecting

Group as constructing a sense of relatedness, unity

2.2 Belonging

Group as a shared identity, a place of belonging

2.3 Accepting

Group as accepting, eliciting integration and approval

2.4 Providing safety

Group as a place of refuge, safety

2.5 Caring

Group as a place of handing over responsibility, being held by the group

2.6 Socialising

Group as a means to increase social contact

Features of the learning

3.1 Inclusive

Learning as inclusive, any level of skill welcome, any process adequate

3.2 No mistakes

Learning as a process in which the concept of fault is dissolved

3.3 Freeing

Learning as a new experience: no homework, no directedness, no control

3.4 Embodied

Learning as a process incorporated in the body, a ‘new way of thinking’

3.5 Role of facilitator

Learning as facilitated by a central, expert musical facilitator