Theory, Research and Practice
Table 3 Correlations (Pearson) between the measures of musical behavior – a) recognition accuracy for sadness, anger, fear, and tenderness in music, b) overall tendency of perceiving different emotions in music, and c) use of different musical parameters for expressing happiness, sadness, and anger – and the measures of socio-emotional behavior: perspective taking (PT), empathic concern (EC), and externalized symptoms (ES)
Musical behavior measures | PT | EC | ES |
|---|---|---|---|
a) Emotion recognition accuracy: | |||
Sadness | -.01 | -.04 | -.00 |
Anger | -.11 | .24 | -.01 |
Fear | .01 | -.00 | -.03 |
Tenderness | .40** | .05 | -.15 |
b) Emotion perception tendencies: | |||
Happiness | .02 | -.10 | -.04 |
Tenderness | .13 | .08 | -.24 |
Anger | .02 | .02 | .04 |
Sadness | .18 | .03 | -.09 |
Fear | .23 | .27* | -.16 |
Longing | .10 | -.02 | -.05 |
Hope | .10 | .28* | -.27* |
Power | .08 | .07 | -.17 |
c) Emotional expression: | |||
Tempo happy | .03 | .06 | -.05 |
Tempo sad | .13 | -.30* | -.12 |
Tempo angry | -.08 | .05 | .09 |
Loudness happy | -.00 | .29* | .02 |
Loudness sad | .05 | -.02 | .05 |
Loudness angry | .28* | .31* | -.18 |
Pitch happy | -.14 | .14 | .06 |
Pitch sad | -.02 | -.05 | -.02 |
Pitch angry | .30* | .02 | -.14 |
Articulation happy | -.07 | .21 | -.01 |
Articulation sad | .03 | .15 | .20 |
Articulation angry | .19 | .11 | -.10 |
Timbre happy | .05 | .02 | -.07 |
Timbre sad | .00 | -.01 | .03 |
Timbre angry | .24 | -.05 | -.31* |