Theory, Research and Practice
Table 2 PSI subscale means (and standard deviations) pre- and post-program with repeated measures ANOVA results
PSI subscale | Pre | Â | Â | Post | Â | Â | F | d |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Â | Mean (SD) | Min | Max | Mean (SD) | Min | Max | Â | Â |
Optimal energy | 55.61 (13.02) | 25 | 90 | 58.23 (14.98) | 30 | 85 | 1.63 | .24 |
Performance energy | 66.16 (14.57) | 40 | 95 | 61.29 (12.58) | 35 | 85 | 4.32* | .52 |
Energy regulation | 51.81 (21.85) | 25 | 95 | 57.10 (19.99) | 20 | 100 | 2.72 | .36 |
Ability to learn | 75.10 (12.11) | 55 | 100 | 83.23 (12.88) | 50 | 100 | 20.05*** | .99 |
Memorizing music | 53.10 (28.02) | 20 | 100 | 60.00 (27.05) | 20 | 100 | 6.54* | .70 |
Self-talk | 55.58 (19.12) | 30 | 95 | 64.36 (20.20) | 30 | 90 | 8.05** | .78 |
Expectancy | 63.74 (15.09) | 40 | 90 | 73.23 (15.79) | 45 | 100 | 11.23** | .90 |
Confronting fear | 56.13 (20.24) | 20 | 90 | 66.13 (16.47) | 35 | 95 | 15.25*** | .97 |
Building courage | 58.65 (15.84) | 30 | 90 | 68.23 (15.58) | 35 | 100 | 16.63*** | .98 |
Confronting failure | 54.13 (17.46) | 25 | 85 | 64.52 (21.27) | 30 | 100 | 8.43** | .80 |
Getting mentally quiet | 52.68 (14.86) | 35 | 90 | 65.81 (15.39) | 30 | 100 | 18.65*** | .99 |
Focusing past distractions | 63.58 (17.83) | 30 | 95 | 74.52 (19.03) | 25 | 100 | 9.03** | .83 |
Accessing alpha | 59.07 (14.82) | 35 | 90 | 65.32 (15.91) | 30 | 95 | 5.35* | .61 |
Building stamina | 71.32 (13.46) | 35 | 95 | 78.71 (13.78) | 40 | 100 | 9.91** | .86 |
Concentrating on command | 71.65 (14.50) | 45 | 100 | 81.29 (14.02) | 40 | 100 | 17.95*** | .98 |
Recovering from mistakes | 57.42 (17.98) | 20 | 95 | 65.16 (21.04) | 25 | 100 | 4.38* | .53 |
Mental toughness | 67.61 (14.57) | 40 | 95 | 72.10 (15.10) | 45 | 100 | 3.18 | .41 |